‏1,634.00 ₪

Atlas of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy: Anatomy and Technique

‏1,634.00 ₪

ISBN13

9780323566940

מהדורה

2nd Edition

זמן אספקה

21 ימי עסקים

עמודים / Pages

891

תאריך יציאה לאור

22 בנוב׳ 2024

**Selected for 2025 Doody’s Core Titles® with "Essential Purchase" designation in Vascular Surgery**

Using a highly visual, step-by-step approach, Atlas of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy: Anatomy and Technique, Second Edition, is an easy-access, comprehensive guide to the surgical treatment of diseases and disorders most often encountered by vascular surgeons. Editor Elliot L. Chaikof, MD, PhD, leads a team of academic and clinical leaders in the field who provide expert coverage of more than 100 common and complex procedures, including surgical and endovascular techniques. This full-color, single-volume reference provides a convenient review of key procedures with an emphasis on anatomy and imaging studies as they apply to each technique, enabling surgeons to prevent and plan for complications and secure the best outcomes for their patients.

Key features

Covers the full range of diseases and disorders most important to vascular surgeons using a step-by-step procedural approach accompanied by relevant imaging studies
Uses a consistent and logical chapter structure throughout, covering Historical Background, Indications, Preoperative Preparation, Pitfalls & Danger Points, Operative Strategy, Operative Technique, Postoperative Care, Postoperative Complications, and References
Includes new chapters on Transcarotid Artery Revascularization with Dynamic Flow Reversal (TCAR), Surgical Treatment of Subclavian-Axillary Vein Thrombosis, Reconstruction of the Portal Vein and Hepatic Artery, Endovascular Therapy for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, Approach to Patients Presenting for Hemodialysis Access, and more
Contains more than 1,000 full-color illustrations, including procedural photos and beautifully illustrated drawings that highlight the relevant anatomy and techniques in specific treatments
Features numerous video clips of key intraoperative moments, which are particularly beneficial for real-time review of endovascular interventions
An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. Additional digital ancillary content may publish up to 6 weeks following the publication date

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לדלג להתחלה של גלריית תמונות

פרטים

מידע נוסף

מידע נוסף
מהדורה	2nd Edition
עמודים / Pages	891
תאריך יציאה לאור	22 בנוב׳ 2024
תוכן עניינים	Title of Book Instructions for online access Cover image Title page Table of Contents SECTION EDITORS Copyright Dedication Preface Preface 1st Edition Preface 2nd Edition Acknowledgment Contributors Section I. Surgical and Endovascular Techniques General Principles of Vascular Surgery Preoperative Preparation Presentation and Natural History of Vascular Disease Diagnosis Planning a Treatment Strategy Preoperative Assessment Preparation of the Operating Room and Interventional Suite Equipment and Personnel Positioning and Preparation of the Patient Surgical Exposure and Choice of Incision Basic Principles of Vascular Surgery Instruments Fixed Retractor Systems Exposure and Control of Blood Vessels Basics of Electrosurgical Instruments Methods of Arteriotomy Techniques of Anastomosis Beveled End-to-Side Anastomosis Nonbeveled End-to-Side Anastomosis End-to-End Anastomosis Small Vessel End-to-End Anastomosis Acknowledgments General Principles of Sedation, Angiography, and Intravascular Ultrasound Historical Background Sedation, Analgesia, and Anesthesia Fluoroscopic Principles Image Acquisition Contrast Injection Techniques Radiation Exposure and Safety Modification of Image Acquisition Technique Reduce Radiation Scatter and Exposure Additional Measures Principles of Ultrasound-Guided Arterial Puncture Angiographic Contrast Media Special Consideration: Patients with Renal Dysfunction Renal Protection Reduce Contrast Volume Avoidance of Iodinated Contrast Special Consideration: Patients with Contrast Media Reactions Treatment for Contrast Media Reactions CO2 Angiography Intravascular Ultrasound Optical Coherence Tomography General Principles of Endovascular Therapy: Access Site Management Historical Background Indications General Considerations for Access Access Site Coagulation Laboratory Testing Patient Positioning Anesthesia Ultrasound Guidance Strategies for Commonly Accessed Vessels Common Femoral Artery Brachial Artery Axillary Artery Radial Artery Pedal Access Popliteal Artery Arterial Bypass Grafts Internal Jugular Vein Common Femoral Vein Brachial and Basilic Veins Popliteal and Posterior Tibial Veins Strategies for the Difficult Groin Obesity Scarred Groin Calcification Pulselessness Compression and Closure Devices Manual Compression Technique Blood Pressure Anticoagulation Activity Restrictions External Compression Devices Arterial Closure Devices Acknowledgments Postoperative Complications General Principles of Endovascular Therapy: Guidewire and Catheter Manipulation Historical Background Guidewire Selection Guidewire Handling Catheter Selection Sheath Selection Catheter Handling Crossing a Stenosis Retrograde Access Avoiding and Managing a Subintimal Guidewire Crossing an Occlusion General Principles of Endovascular Therapy: Angioplasty, Stenting, Recanalization, and Embolization Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Endovascular Technique Anesthesia Balloon Angioplasty Modified Balloons Drug-Coated Balloons Stents and Stent Grafts Recanalization Atherectomy Recanalization for Acute Thrombosis Distal Embolic Protection Therapeutic Embolization Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section II. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Extracranial Cerebrovascular Disease Carotid Endarterectomy Historical Background Indications Contraindications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Avoiding Intraoperative Stroke Avoiding Cranial Nerve Injuries Operative Technique Choice of Anesthesia Incision and Position Mobilization of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Mobilization of the Jugular Vein and Division of the Common Facial Vein Exposure of the Common Carotid Artery Isolation of the External Carotid Artery Isolation of the Internal Carotid Artery Exposure of the Distal Internal Carotid Artery Arteriotomy and Shunt Placement Endarterectomy Patch Angioplasty Closure Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Eversion Endarterectomy and Special Problems in Carotid Surgery Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Operative Technique Exposure of the Carotid Artery Endarterectomy of the Internal Carotid Artery Endarterectomy of the Common Carotid Artery Anastomosis of the Internal to the Common Carotid Artery Shunting During Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Recurrent Stenosis Infection Special Problems in Carotid Surgery Kinks and Coils in the Internal Carotid Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia Redo Carotid Surgery Recurrent Carotid Stenosis Carotid Patch Aneurysm Infected Carotid Patch Extracranial Aneurysms of the Carotid Artery Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Technique SURGICAL Reconstruction Endovascular Repair Acknowledgments Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Historical Background Indications Preoperative Care Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Favorable and Unfavorable Aortic Arch Anatomy Kinks and Coils of the Carotid Artery Occluded External Carotid Artery High-Risk Lesions Severe Stenosis or String Sign Tandem Lesions in the Common Carotid Artery Fibromuscular Dysplasia Redo Carotid Angioplasty Endovascular Technique Sheaths Guide Wires Catheters Embolic Protection Device Stents Arterial Access Catheterization of the Common Carotid Artery Angiography of the Aortic Arch, Carotid, and Cerebral Circulation Sheath Placement for Planned Intervention Crossing a Lesion and Cerebral Protection Angioplasty STENT PLACEMENT Completion Studies Management of Arterial Spasm, Embolization, and Acute Occlusion Neuro-Rescue Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Transcarotid Artery Revascularization With Dynamic Flow Reversal (TCAR) Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Common carotid artery anatomy Tortuous carotid artery Occluded External Carotid Artery High-risk carotid lesion String sign Stent selection Endovascular Technique Exposure of Common Carotid Artery Venous Access Arterial Access and Sheath Placement Initiation of Dynamic Flow Reversal Balloon Angioplasty Stenting Completion Studies Poststent Balloon Angioplasty Management of Arterial Spasm, Embolization, and Acute Occlusion Cessation of Flow Reversal and Sheath Removal Intolerance to Flow Reversal Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Carotid Body Tumor Historical Background Preoperative Preparation History and Physical Examination Genetic and Functional Testing Preoperative Imaging Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Classification and Surgical Anatomy of Carotid Body Tumors Avoiding Cranial Nerve Injury Bilateral Tumors Avoiding Intraoperative Stroke Minimizing Blood Loss and Preoperative Embolization Operative Technique Anesthetic Considerations Patient Positioning Incision Exposure of The Carotid Bifurcation Resection of The Shamblin Type I Carotid Body Tumor Resection of The Shamblin Type II/III Carotid Body Tumor Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Treatment of the Vertebral Artery Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of The Vertebral Artery Operative Technique Exposure and Transposition of The Vertebral Artery Into The Common Carotid Artery Exposure of The V2 Segment of The Vertebral Artery V3 Exposure and Distal Vertebral Artery Reconstruction Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section III. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Arch Vessel Disease Direct Surgical Repair of Aortic Arch Vessels Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of The Aortic Arch and Branch Vessels Avoiding Injury to Anatomic Structures Avoiding Intraoperative Stroke Assessment of A Suitable Clamp Site in The Aortic Arch Median Sternotomy Versus Ministernotomy Redo-Median Sternotomy Special Considerations for Patients with Vasculitis Operative Technique Incision Exposure of The Aortic Arch Dissection of The Arch Vessels Ascending Aorta-Innominate Artery Bypass Ascending Aorta-Bilateral Carotid Artery Bypass Closure Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Extra-anatomic Repair of Aortic Arch Vessels Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of the Common Carotid and Subclavian Arteries Operative Technique for a Carotid-Subclavian Artery Transposition Operative Technique for a Carotid-Subclavian Artery Bypass Operative Technique for a Carotid-Carotid Artery Bypass Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Arch Vessels Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Angiographic Anatomy of the Arch Vessels and Common Collateral Pathways Unfavorable Anatomic Features for Interventions on the Innominate Artery Unfavorable Anatomic Features for Interventions on the Common Carotid Artery Unfavorable Anatomic Features for Interventions on the Subclavian Artery Considerations in the Presence of Left Internal Mammary Artery Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Selection of Antegrade or Retrograde Access for Treatment of the Innominate or Common Carotid Artery Selection of Antegrade or Retrograde Access for Treatment of the Subclavian Artery Role of Predilatation Selection of a Stent Multiple Arch Vessel Lesions Use of a Cerebral Protection Device Protection of the Vertebral Artery Endovascular Technique Access: Antegrade and Retrograde Approaches Sheaths Guide Wires Catheters Stents Angiography of the Aortic Arch and Branch Vessels Techniques for Selective Catheterization Innominate Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Common Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Vertebral Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Subclavian and Axillary Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Endovascular Treatment of a Kommerell Diverticulum Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Treatment of the Subclavian and Axillary Artery Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of the Subclavian and Axillary Artery Anatomic Considerations in Cases of the Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery Avoiding Injuries to the Thoracic Duct Avoiding Injuries to the Brachial Plexus Avoiding Injuries to the Vertebral Artery Avoiding Injuries Behind the Clavicle Selection of a Conduit Operative Technique Repair of a Subclavian Artery Aneurysm: Subclavian-Axillary Bypass Position and Incision Exposure of the Supraclavicular Subclavian Artery Exposure of the Axillary Artery Subclavian-Axillary Artery Bypass Carotid-Brachial Artery Bypass Closure Repair of an Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery Position and Incision Exposure of the Aberrant Subclavian Artery Exposure of the Retroesophageal Subclavian Artery Division and Ligation of the Retroesophageal Subclavian Artery Subclavian Artery to Carotid Artery Transposition Closure Repair of a Kommerell Diverticulum Position and Incision Thoracic Exposure for Proximal Control of a Kommerell Diverticulum Distal Exposure for Control of a Kommerell Diverticulum Aortic Repair Closure Postoperative Care Subclavian Artery Repair Kommerell Diverticulum Repair Postoperative Complications Section IV. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Upper Extremity Vascular Disease Supraclavicular Approach for Surgical Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Historical Background Preoperative Preparation Principal Symptoms Symptom Characteristics Clinical History Physical Examination Provocative Maneuvers Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet Avoiding Inadequate Decompression and Recurrence Avoiding Nerve Injury Avoiding Vascular and Lymphatic Injury Operative Technique Position and Incision Exposure Scalenectomy First Rib Resection Brachial Plexus Neurolysis Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy Management of Associated Subclavian Artery Aneurysm Management of Associated Subclavian Vein Stenosis or Occlusion Closure Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Treatment of Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Historical Background Indications History and Physical Examination Imaging Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative and Endovascular Strategy Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet Surgical Instrumentation for Transaxillary First Rib Resection Surgical Instrumentation for Supraclavicular First Rib Resection Reconstruction of the Subclavian Artery Operative Technique Incision Arterial Reconstruction Exposure Thoracic Outlet Decompression Arterial Reconstruction Closure Postoperative Care THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME PROTOCOL Physical therapy and exercise Anticoagulation Postoperative surveillance Postoperative Complications Transaxillary First Rib Resection Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Arterial Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet Avoiding Injury to the Brachial Plexus Operative Technique Incision Operative Exposure Exposure of the Anatomic Triangle of the Thoracic Outlet Exposure of the Inferior Border of the First Rib Exposure of the Superior Border of the First Rib Rib Resection Closure Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Therapy for Subclavian-Axillary Vein Thrombosis Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Diagnosis Preoperative EVALUATION Timing of Endovascular Intervention Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Angiographic Anatomy and VENOUS Collaterals Timing of Intervention Endovascular Technique THE DECISION TO TREAT Access Sheaths Guidewires Catheters Sheath Placement Diagnostic Venography Thrombolysis Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis Aspiration Mechanical Thrombectomy Angioplasty and Stenting Completion Studies Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Treatment of Subclavian-Axillary Vein Thrombosis Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy Surgical Approach to First Rib Resection Operative Technique Patient Positioning Special Instruments Supraclavicular Incision Infraclavicular Incision Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy Venous Reconstruction Endovenectomy With Patch Angioplasty Interposition Graft Placement Jugular Vein Transposition Arteriovenous Fistula Wound Closure Sternal Split Claviculectomy Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section V. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of the Thoracic Aorta Direct Surgical Repair of Aneurysms of the Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aorta Historical Background Indications Classification of Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Avoiding Spinal Cord Ischemia Avoiding Visceral Ischemia Avoiding Coagulopathy Avoiding Embolization Avoiding Diaphragmatic Paralysis Avoiding Vagus Nerve Injury Avoiding Esophageal Injury Operative Technique: General Considerations Patient Positioning Incision Retroperitoneal or Transperitoneal Thoracoabdominal Exposure Distal Aortic Perfusion Selection of A Site for Aortic Clamping Use of Balloon Catheters for Intercostal Artery Control Intercostal Artery Reattachment Chronic Aortic Dissection Prior Thoracic Endograft Pain Control Repair of a Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair of an Extent I Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair of an Extent II Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair of an Extent III and V Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair of an Extent IV Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of the Aortic Arch Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Endovascular Strategy Imaging Proximal seal zone Arch anatomy Access Intraoperative imaging Endovascular Technique Endovascular Repair of the Aortic Arch Intraoperative Preparation Sheaths Guidewires Catheters Snare Balloons Stents Embolic Coils and Plugs Aortic Arch Devices CUSTOM ASCENDING ARCH BRANCH Gore Tag Thoracic Branch Endoprosthesis Valiant Mona LSA Stent Graft System Nexus Endospan Aortic Arch Endovascular Graft Terumo Aortic Relaybranch Thoracic Stent Graft System Fenestrated Aortic Arch Endografting Chimney and Snorkel Techniques and in Situ Laser Fenestration Hybrid Approaches for Aortic Arch Repair Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Avoiding Access Vessel Complications Device Selection Intraoperative Imaging Device Deployment Avoiding Spinal Cord Ischemia Avoiding Stroke Avoiding Acute Kidney Injury Avoidance of Arm Ischemia and Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency Avoidance of Foregut Ischemia Avoidance of Inaccurate Proximal Endograft Deployment Avoiding Type I Endoleak Avoiding Type II Endoleak Avoiding Type III Endoleak Endovascular Technique for Repair of a Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Patient Preparation Sheath Guidewires Catheters Vascular Access Endograft Deployment DEPLOYMENT OF A GORE CONFORMABLE THORACIC ENDOPROSTHESIS (cTAG) Deployment of a Zenith Alpha Endograft Deployment of a Valiant CAPTIVIA Endograft Deployment of a RELAYPRO Vascular Endograft Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Dissection Historical Background Classification of Aortic Dissection Indications Complicated High-Risk Features Uncomplicated Preoperative Preparation Endovascular Strategy Access Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair Intraoperative Imaging Endovascular Technique Tevar for Aortic Dissection Hybrid Procedures for Aortic Dissection Total Aortic Arch Debranching (Zone 0 Coverage) Carotid-Carotid and Carotid-Subclavian Bypass (Zone 1 Coverage) Aortic Fenestration Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Disruption Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Sizing of an Endovascular Graft Extent of Repair Endovascular Technique Access Anticoagulation Sheath Guidewires Catheters Endograft Imaging and localization of the left subclavian artery Intravascular ultrasound Endograft selection Endograft deployment Postdeployment imaging Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Acknowledgments Endovascular Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Endovascular Strategy Hybrid Repair Parallel Grafts Fenestrated and Branched Stent-Grafts Graft Selection and Sizing Intraoperative Adjuncts Strategies to Minimize Spinal Cord Injury Endovascular Technique Endovascular Toolkit Perioperative Measures Patient Positioning Arterial Access Endovascular Technique Deployment of a Patient-Specific Four-Vessel Fenestrated Stent-Graft Initial Imaging and Deployment of the Fenestrated Stent Graft Component Cannulation of the Renal Vessels Cannulation of the Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Arteries Final Deployment of the Fenestrated Stent-Graft Component and Bridging Stents Deployment of the Bifurcated Universal Device and Contralateral Limb Extension Deployment of a Patient-Specific Fenestrated-Branched Stent-Graft Access and Introduction of Brachial and Femoral Sheaths Introduction of the Fenestrated-Branched Stent-Graft Sequential Catheterization of Target Vessels Deployment of the Distal Fenestrated-Branched Device and Bifurcated Component Deployment of Covered Stents Deployment of an Off-the-Shelf Multibranched Stent-Graft Access and Introduction of Brachial and Femoral Sheaths Deployment of the T-Branch Device and Distal Bifurcated Component Sequential Catheterization of Target Vessels Deployment of Bridging Stents Placement of Iliac Limbs and Completion Angiography Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section VI. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of the Abdominal Aorta and the Iliac Arteries Direct Surgical Repair of Aneurysms of the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta and Iliac Arteries Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy Avoiding Injury to Anatomic Structures Advantages Disadvantages Transperitoneal or Retroperitoneal Exposure Advantages Disadvantages Vertical or Transverse Abdominal Incision Division of The Renal Vein Quality of The Infrarenal Aortic Neck Distal Exposure and Control Balloon Catheters for Vascular Control Bleeding Suture Line Colonic Perfusion Ruptured Aneurysm Inflammatory Aneurysm Horseshoe Kidney Transplanted Kidney Venous Anomalies Aortocaval Fistula Chronic Dissection Collagen Vascular Disorder Transabdominal Repair of an Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm INCISION Exposure of The Abdominal Aorta Exposure of The Iliac Arteries Proximal and Distal Control Aortic Incision Proximal Anastomosis Reimplantation of An Inferior Mesenteric or Accessory Renal Artery Distal Anastomosis Graft Coverage Closure Retroperitoneal Repair of an Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm Incision and Exposure of The Abdominal Aorta Closure Acknowledgments Repair of an Iliac Aneurysm Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Direct Surgical Repair of Aneurysms of the Juxtarenal and Pararenal Abdominal Aorta Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Retroperitoneal or Transperitoneal Exposure Selection of a Site for Proximal Aortic Control Operative Technique Control of the Suprarenal Aorta Control of the Supraceliac Aorta Operative Technique for Retroperitoneal Exposure Incision for a Juxtarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Incision for a Suprarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Operative Technique for Repair of a Juxtarenal Aortic Aneurysm With Iliac Artery Involvement Incision Exposure of the Abdominal Aorta Exposure of the Iliac Arteries Division of the Renal Vein Proximal and Distal Control Aortic Incision Proximal Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis with Side Graft to External Iliac Artery Graft Coverage Operative Technique for Repair of a Suprarenal Aortic Aneurysm Incision Exposure of the Abdominal Aorta Exposure of the Iliac Arteries Proximal and Distal Control Aortic Incision Proximal Aortic Anastomosis Distal Aortic Anastomosis Closure Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysms of the Infrarenal Aorta Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Selection and Sizing of an Endovascular Endograft Access Percutaneous Access Femoral Artery Exposure Use of an Iliac Artery Conduit Adjunctive Iliac Angioplasty Endovascular Technique Endovascular Repair of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Percutaneous Access SURGICAL Iliac Artery Conduit Endovascular Iliac ARTERY Conduit Sheaths Guidewires Specialty Wires Catheters Balloons Specialty Balloons Specialty Stents Angiography of the Abdominal Aorta and Iliac Arteries ENDOGRAFT Deployment and Cannulation of the Contralateral Gate DEVICE Selection and Deployment Excluder Endograft Zenith Endograft Endurant Endograft AFX2 Endograft Alto Endograft Treo Endograft Management of Intraoperative Complications Rupture of the Aorta or Iliac Vessels Arterial Dissection Distal Embolization Limb Occlusion Renal Artery Occlusion Bleeding Endovascular Repair of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm With Iliac Artery Involvement Deployment of AN Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis Components of the Gore Excluder Iliac Branch Endoprosthesis Access Deployment of the Iliac Branch Component Deployment of the Internal Iliac Component Completion of EVAR Deployment Internal Iliac Artery Embolization External Iliac–to–Internal Iliac BYPASS Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Special Problems in the Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysms of the Infrarenal Aorta Historical Background Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Difficult Access Vessels Hostile Aortic Neck Narrow Aortic Bifurcation Endovascular Technique Deployment of An Aorto-Uni-Iliac Endograft Treatment of an Iliac Artery Aneurysm Embolization of the Internal Iliac Artery Preservation of Flow to the Internal Iliac Artery Treatment of an Endoleak Type I Endoleak Giant Palmaz Stent Placement Endostaples Type II Endoleak Translumbar Embolization of a Type II Endoleak Transarterial Embolization of a Type II Endoleak Transcaval Embolization of a Type II Endoleak Postoperative Care Endovascular Treatment of Aneurysms of the Juxtarenal and Pararenal Abdominal Aorta Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Selection of a Fenestrated or Branched Endograft Intervention for a Failed Open or Endovascular Aortic Repair Use of a Snorkel or Chimney Endograft Consideration of a Physician-Modified Device Zenith Fenestrated Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Endovascular Graft Assessment of Landing Zones Selection of Fenestrations and Scallops Adjunctive Stenting Endovascular Technique for the Repair of a Juxtarenal Aortic Aneurysm Deployment of a Zenith Fenestrated Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Endovascular Graft Access Imaging Steps in Deployment Sheaths Specialty Sheaths Guidewires Specialty Wires Catheters Specialty Catheters Balloons Stents Endovascular Technique for the Deployment of Snorkel or Chimney Endograft Access Steps in Deployment Endovascular Technique for the Repair of a Suprarenal Aortic Aneurysm Deployment of a Branched Endograft Access Steps in Device Deployment Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Direct Surgical Repair of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta, Iliac and Femoral Arteries Options for Revascularization Selection of a Prosthetic Graft Configuration of the Proximal Anastomosis Totally Occluded, Calcified, and Small Aortas Redo Groin Surgery Operative Technique for Aortobifemoral Bypass Incision Exposure of the Femoral Arteries Exposure of the Abdominal Aorta Tunnel Construction Aortic Division and Closure of the Distal Aorta Proximal Graft Anastomosis End-to-End Aortic Anastomosis End-to-Side Aortic Anastomosis Distal Graft Anastomosis Femoral Anastomosis Graft Coverage Adjunctive or Alternative Procedures Associated Renal or Visceral Lesions Simultaneous Distal Lower Extremity Revascularization Thoracic Aorta to Femoral Artery Bypass Iliofemoral Bypass Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Late Complications After Aortic Surgery Extra-anatomic Repair for Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Operative Technique for a Femoral-Femoral Bypass Incision Exposure of the Femoral Arteries Creation of a Suprapubic Tunnel Anastomosis Closure Operative Technique for an Axillofemoral Bypass Selection of a Donor Artery Incision and Exposure Tunneling the Bypass Graft Axillary Anastomosis Femoral Anastomosis Closure Operative Technique for a Thoracofemoral Bypass Incision and Exposure Tunneling the Bypass Graft Aortic Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis Closure Operative Technique for an Aortoiliac Embolectomy Incision and Exposure Femoral Arteriotomy and Embolectomy Closure Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Endovascular Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Initial Intraoperative Imaging Assessing Hemodynamic Significance Concomitant Common Femoral Artery Disease Calcification Lesions Above the Aortic Bifurcation Endovascular Technique Arterial Access Sheaths Guidewires Crossing an Iliac Artery Lesion Retrograde Approach Antegrade Approach Angiographic Catheters Selective Catheters Directional Support and Crossing Catheters Balloons Balloon-Expandable Stents Self-Expanding Stents (0.035-Inch) Balloon-Expandable Covered Stents (0.035-Inch) Coexistent Common Femoral Artery Disease Brachial Artery Access Reentry Catheters Aortic Bifurcation Disease Concomitant Femoral Artery Endarterectomy Selection of Balloon and Stent Dimensions Postoperative Care Special Problems in the Endovascular Treatment of Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease Historical Background Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Unfavorable Anatomic Features for Aortic Intervention Unfavorable Anatomic Features for Common Iliac Artery Intervention Unfavorable Anatomic Features for External Iliac Artery Interventions Adjunctive Thrombolysis, Percutaneous Mechanical Thrombectomy, and Thromboaspiration Devices Avoiding Embolization, Dissection, and Rupture Role of a Reentry Device Endovascular Treatment of an Aortic Occlusion Sheath Placement Crossing an Occlusion Angioplasty and Stenting Endovascular Treatment of a Common Iliac Artery Occlusion Sheath Placement Crossing an Occlusion Angioplasty and Stenting Endovascular Treatment of an External Iliac Artery Occlusion Sheath Placement Crossing a Lesion Angioplasty and Stenting Endovascular Treatment of Arterial Dissection, Embolization, Occlusion, and Rupture Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Lumbar Spine Exposure Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy Location of Incision Operative Technique Operative Technique for an Anterior Approach Traversing the Abdominal Wall Developing the Retroperitoneal Space L3–S1 Lumbar Exposure L2–L3 Lumbar Exposure Mobilizing Vascular Structures and Maintaining the Corridor Pathway L5–S1 Lumbar Exposure L4–L5 and Above Lumbar Exposures Closure and Inspection Operative Technique for an Anterolateral Approach Operative Technique for a Direct Lateral Approach Operative Technique for an Oblique Anterior-to-Psoas Approach Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section VII. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Late Aortic Graft Complications Surgical Treatment of an Aortic Graft Infection Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Complete or Partial Graft Resection In Situ Reconstruction or Extra-anatomic Repair Preparing the Allograft Vascular Reconstruction With an Allograft Postoperative Management Axillofemoral, Axillopopliteal, or Obturator Bypass Avoiding Injury to Ureter Management of an Aortoenteric Fistula Management of the Aortic Stump Operative Technique for Total Graft Excision Placement of a Supra-celiac AORTIC Clamp Exposure of the Perirenal Aorta and Distal Clamp Sites Preparing the Conduit Graft Removal and Débridement Management of the Aortic Stump Management of the Duodenum Sartorius and Rectus Femoris Muscle Flap Acknowledgment Axillopopliteal Bypass Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Neoaortoiliac System for Treatment of an Aortic Graft Infection Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Selection of Conduit for in Situ Repair Staging the NAIS Procedure Operative Technique Harvesting Femoral Vein Construction of the Neoaortoiliac System Proximal Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis Omental Flap Sartorius Muscle Flap Drains Closure Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Treatment of Pseudoaneurysm of the Femoral Artery Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Preparing the operative field Extent of graft excision Extraanatomic bypass or in situ reconstruction Selection of a conduit Minimizing cross-contamination VASCULAR control in A SCARRED groin Operative Technique for an Iliofemoral Obturator Bypass Incision Exposure of the Uninfected Proximal Prosthetic Limb Obturator Bypass Closure Graft Excision Sartorius Muscle Flap Closure Operative Technique for In Situ Reconstruction of an Anastomotic Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm Exposure of the Proximal Graft and Common Femoral Artery Exposure of the Superficial and Profunda Femoral Arteries Placement of an Interposition Graft Closure Acknowledgments Operative Technique for Thrombin Injection of an Iatrogenic Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm Operative Technique for the Direct Surgical Repair of an Iatrogenic Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section VIII. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Renal Artery Disease Direct Surgical Repair of Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy for Renovascular Occlusive Disease Surgical Anatomy of the Renal Arteries Unilateral or Bilateral Renal Artery Repair Exposure of the Pararenal Aorta Renal Artery Bypass or Endarterectomy Selection of an Inflow Source Selection of a Conduit Minimizing Renal Ischemia Intraoperative Assessment Operative Strategy for a Renal Artery Aneurysm In Situ Reconstruction, Ex Vivo Repair, or Kidney Autotransplantation Considerations for an Aneurysm at a Branch Vessel Bifurcation Retroperitoneal or Transperitoneal Approach Avoiding Injury to the Ureter During Ex Vivo Repair Operative Technique for Aortorenal Bypass Incision Exposure of the Pararenal Aorta and Renal Arteries Renal Artery Bypass: Proximal and Distal Anastomosis Operative Technique for Renal Artery Endarterectomy Exposure of the Pararenal Aorta Endarterectomy In Situ Repair of a Renal Artery Aneurysm Incision Exposure of a Renal Artery Aneurysm Proximal and Distal Control Aneurysmorrhaphy Ex Vivo Renal Artery Repair Incision Exposure and Mobilization of the Kidney Administration of Preservation Solution and Extraction of the Kidney Ex Vivo Repair and Orthotopic Autotransplantation Closure Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Extra-anatomic Repair for Renovascular Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points CO-EXISTENT ATHEROSCLEROTIC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE ANATOMIC VARIANTS AND VULNERABILITIES PHYSIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of The Hepatic and Splenic Arteries Selection of A Conduit OPERATIVE EXPOSURE Operative Technique for Hepatorenal Bypass Incision Exposure of The Right Renal Artery Exposure of The Hepatic Artery Proximal Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis Closure Operative Technique of Splenorenal Bypass Incision Exposure of The Splenic Artery Exposure of The Left Renal Artery Splenorenal Anastomosis Closure Acknowledgment Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Occlusive Renal Artery Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Angiographic Anatomy Unfavorable Anatomic Features for Renal Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Considerations in the Treatment of Branch Vessel Disease Considerations in the Presence of a Solitary Kidney Selection of Antegrade or Retrograde Aortic Access for Treatment Coaxial or Monorail Balloon Catheter Designs Role of Balloon Predilation Angioplasty or Primary Stenting Selection of a Stent Use of Embolic Protection Treatment of Recurrent Stenosis Endovascular Technique for Treatment of a Renal Artery Stenosis Sheath Placement for Planned Intervention Sheaths Specialty Sheaths Guidewires Catheters Balloons Stents Crossing a Lesion In Situ Physiologic assessment Using a Pressure Wire Angioplasty Stent Placement Completion Studies Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Renal Artery Aneurysms Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Selection of an access site Optimizing intraoperative angiography Selection of an intervention Treatment in the presence of multiple aneurysms Endovascular Technique Endovascular Treatment of a Renal Artery Aneurysm Access Sheaths Specialty Sheaths Guidewires Catheters Specialty Catheters Balloons Stents Coils or Liquid Embolic Agents Imaging Deployment of a Stent Graft Embolization Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section IX. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Superior Mesenteric and Celiac Artery Disease Direct Surgical Repair for Occlusive Superior Mesenteric and Celiac Artery Disease Historical Background Indications Acute Mesenteric Ischemia Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia Preoperative Preparation Acute Mesenteric Ischemia Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy EMBOLISM, THROMBOSIS, OR DISSECTION ANTEGRADE OR RETROGRADE BYPASS SELECTION OF VESSELS FOR REVASCULARIZATION TYPE OF CONDUIT Operative Technique for Superior Mesenteric Artery Embolectomy Incision Exposure of the Superior Mesenteric Artery Embolectomy Operative Technique for an Antegrade Aortomesenteric Bypass Incision Exposure of the Aorta Exposure of the Superior Mesenteric Artery Routing the Bypass Graft Proximal Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis Closure Operative Technique for a Retrograde Aortomesenteric Bypass Exposure of Inflow and Outflow Vessels Routing the Bypass Graft Anastomoses Operative Technique for an Aortohepatic Artery Bypass Exposure of the Aorta, Celiac Axis, and Hepatic Artery Proximal and Distal Anastomosis Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Acknowledgments Reconstruction of the Portal Vein and Hepatic Artery Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Portal Vein Repair or Replacement Surgical Anatomy of the Porta Hepatis Repair, Patch, or Replacement of the Portal Vein Source and Size of Patch or Conduit: Jugular, Femoral or Saphenous Vein Operative Strategy Hepatic Artery Repair or Replacement Surgical Anatomy of Hepatic Artery Variants and Implications for Reconstruction Sources for Arterial Inflow Operative Technique: Portal Vein Repair or Replacement Incision Exposure of the Porta Hepatis Portal Vein Direct Repair Portal Vein Patch Placement Portal Vein Interposition Graft Proximal Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis Closure Operative Technique: Hepatic Artery Reconstruction Incision Exposure of the Hepatic Artery Routing the Bypass Proximal Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis Closure Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Occlusive Superior Mesenteric Artery and Celiac Artery Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Endovascular Technique Brachial Approach Sheaths Specialty Sheaths Guidewires Catheters Angiographic Catheters Selective Catheters Guiding Catheters (6 Fr) Directional Support and Crossing Catheters Balloons Balloon Expandable Stents Self-Expanding Stents (0.035 inch) Balloon Expandable Covered Stents (0.035 inch) Femoral Approach Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Direct Surgical Repair for Visceral Artery Aneurysms Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Imaging studies Contributing medical conditions Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy Operative Technique Splenic Artery Aneurysm Repair Incision Exposure of the Splenic Artery Ligation of a Splenic Artery Aneurysm Operative Technique Hepatic Artery Aneurysm Repair Incision Exposure of the Hepatic Artery Routing of the Bypass Proximal Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis Operative Technique Celiac Artery Aneurysm Repair Incision Exposure of the Aorta Exposure of the Celiac Artery Routing of the Bypass Proximal Anastomosis Distal Anastomosis Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Hepatic or Splenic Artery Aneurysms Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Angiographic Anatomy Unfavorable Anatomic Features for Intervention Selection of Embolic Agents Selection of a Covered Stent Endovascular Toolkit Sheaths Specialty Sheaths Guidewires Catheters Specialty Catheters Balloons Stents Coils and Liquid Embolic Agents Endovascular Technique Treatment of a Hepatic Artery Aneurysm Treatment of Gastroduodenal and Pancreaticoduodenal Aneurysms Treatment of a Splenic Artery Aneurysm Completion Studies Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section X. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Lower Extremity Arterial Disease Direct Surgical Repair of Femoral-Popliteal Arterial Occlusive Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Preoperative Phase Intraoperative Phase Postoperative Phase Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of the Femoral and Popliteal Arteries Selection and Assessment of Inflow Selection and Assessment of Outflow Preoperative Assessment of Vein Quality Selection of a Conduit In Situ, Nonreversed, or Reversed Vein Bypass Clamping Versus Use of a Tourniquet Intraoperative Assessment of the Bypass Operative Techniques for Vein Harvest Open Vein Harvest Endoscopic Vein Harvest Construction of a Spliced Vein Bypass Vein Valve Lysis Operative Technique for Femoral-Above Knee Popliteal Bypass Positioning and Femoral Incision Exposure of the Femoral Vessels Exposure of the Above-Knee Popliteal Artery Creation of a Tunnel Construction of the Femoral Anastomosis Construction of the Popliteal Anastomosis Closure Operative Technique for Femoral-Below Knee Popliteal Bypass Operative Technique for Alternate Inflow Sources Operative Technique for Femoral and Popliteal Thromboembolectomy Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Bypass for Tibial-Peroneal Arterial Occlusive Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Pitfalls and Danger Points Intraoperative Troubleshooting Inadequate Vein Conduit Small Caliber Vein Unexpected Inflow Disease Unexpected Outflow Disease Tunneling Problems Anastomotic Stenosis Special Considerations for a Reoperative Bypass Operative Strategy Selection of an Inflow Artery Selection of an Outflow Target Artery Assessment of Vein Quality Conduit Selection Conduit Configuration: In Situ or Reversed Saphenous Vein Graft Considerations in the Presence of an Open Ulcer Instrumentation and Tunnelers Operative Anatomy Surgical Anatomy of the Femoral, Popliteal, and Tibial Arteries Operative Technique Positioning and Draping Harvest of Lower Extremity and Arm Veins Construction of a Spliced Vein Bypass Inflow Source Femoral-Anterior Tibial Artery Bypass Anatomic Tunneling Lateral Tunneling Femoral-Posterior Tibial Artery Bypass Exposure of the Proximal Posterior Tibial Artery Exposure of the Midportion of the Posterior Tibial Artery Tunneling Femoral-Peroneal Artery Bypass Medial Exposure of the Peroneal Artery Tunneling Groin Wound Closure Calf Incision Closure Special Considerations Intraoperative Bypass Graft Assessment Wound Closure Alternative Inflow Sources Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Direct Surgical Repair of Popliteal Artery Aneurysm Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Selection of Approach Conduit Selection Surgical Anatomy Avoiding Nerve Injury Avoiding Venous Injury Selection and Assessment of Inflow and Distal Outflow Considerations in the Presence of Acute Thrombosis Operative Technique Equipment Needs Medial Approach Position and Incision Proximal Exposure Distal Exposure Tunneling Anastomosis Aneurysm Ligation Posterior Approach Position and Incision Exposure Bypass or Interposition Grafting Closure Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Direct Surgical Repair of Popliteal Entrapment Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Classification of Popliteal Artery Entrapment Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Surgical Anatomy of The Popliteal Fossa Avoiding Nerve Injury Avoiding Venous Injury Considerations In The Presence of An Arterial Lesion Operative Technique Incision Exposure of The Popliteal Artery Division of Fascial and Muscular Bands Popliteal Bypass or Patch Angioplasty Completion Duplex Closure Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Femoropopliteal Arterial Occlusive Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Angiographic Anatomy and Common Collateral Pathways Unfavorable Anatomic Features for Interventions on the Superficial Femoral AND Popliteal Arteries Access Selection Vessel Preparation Stent Selection Endovascular Technique Retrograde and Antegrade Femoral Approaches for Arterial Access Sheaths Guidewires Catheters Angiographic Catheters Selective Catheters Support and Crossing Catheters Balloons Angioplasty Balloons 0.035-Inch Platform 0.018-Inch Platform 0.014-Inch Platform Drug-Coated Balloons 0.035-Inch Platform 0.018-Inch Platform Self-Expanding Stents 0.035-Inch Platform 0.018-Inch Platform Stentgrafts Angiography of the Lower Extremity Endovascular Treatment of Femoropopliteal Artery Stenosis Endovascular Treatment of Femoropopliteal Artery Occlusion Popliteal or Tibial Access for Treatment of Femoropopliteal Artery Occlusion Thrombolysis of Acute Femoral and Popliteal Artery Occlusions Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Treatment of Tibial and Peroneal Occlusive Disease Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Endovascular Strategy Angiographic Anatomy and Common Collateral Pathways Selection of Access Contralateral Retrograde Femoral Access Ipsilateral Antegrade Access Retrograde Tibiopedal Access Plaque Modification with Atherectomy or Lithotripsy Stent Placement Endovascular Technique Positioning Arterial Access Identifying and Crossing the Lesion Balloon Angioplasty Sheaths Guidewires Catheters Angiographic Catheters Selective Catheters Support and Crossing Catheters Balloons Angioplasty Balloons (0.018-Inch Platform) Angioplasty Balloons (0.014-Inch Platform) Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Acknowledgments Endovascular Treatment of Popliteal Aneurysm Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Anatomic Features for Intervention Selection of An Access Site Selection of An Endograft Endovascular Technique Access Intraoperative Imaging Sheath Placement for Planned Intervention Endograft Deployment Completion Imaging Studies Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Above- and Below-Knee Amputation Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Amputation in the Presence of Infection Selection of an Amputation Level Targeted Muscle Reinnervation Operative Technique for an Above-Knee Amputation Skin Incision Division of the Femur Wound Closure Operative Technique for a Below-Knee Amputation Skin Incision Division of the Tibia and Fibula Creation of a Posterior Myocutaneous Flap Wound Closure Operative Technique for a Through-Knee Amputation Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Amputations of the Forefoot Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Selection of An Amputation Level Choice of Anesthesia Operative Technique Transmetatarsal Amputation Incision Transection of The Metatarsals Closure Central Metatarsal Ray Resection First and Fifth Ray Amputation Incision Transection of The Digit and Metatarsal Head Acknowledgments Transphalangeal Amputation Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Upper and Lower Extremity Fasciotomy Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Unrecognized Compartment Syndrome Failure to Release Extremity Compartments Iatrogenic Injury Inadequate Postoperative Surveillance Operative Technique Lower Leg Fasciotomy Anterior Compartment Lateral Compartment Superficial and Deep Posterior Compartments Thigh Fasciotomy Anterolateral Extensor Compartment of the Thigh Posterolateral Flexor Compartment of the Thigh Medial Adductor Compartment of the Thigh Upper Extremity Flexor (Superficial and Deep) and Mobile Wad Compartments of the Arm Extensor Compartment of the Arm Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section XI. Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Venous Disease Placement and Retrieval of Vena Cava Filters Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Selection of A Permanent or Retrievable Filter Contrast Venography and Ultrasound Imaging Avoiding Inadvertent Suprarenal Filter Placement Special Considerations for the Pregnant Patient Endovascular Technique Filter Placement With Venography BEDSIDE Filter Placement Filter Placement With Transabdominal Ultrasound Filter Placement With Intravascular Ultrasound Intravascular Ultrasound System and Filter Choice Preprocedural Imaging Single Venous Access Technique Dual Venous Access Technique PLACEMENT OF A Superior Vena Cava Filter Retrieval of a Vena Cava Filter Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Removal of a Vena Cava Filter Operative Technique for Filter Removal Hybrid TECHNIQUE FOR Filter Removal Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Acknowledgments Endovascular Treatment of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Preoperative Imaging Anticoagulation Thrombophilia Evaluation Pitfalls and Danger Points Absolute Contraindications Relative Contraindications Endovascular Strategy: Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis Timing of Intervention VENOUS Access SITE Use of an IVC Filter Intravascular Ultrasound THROMBECTOMY OR THROMBOLYSIS Endovascular Technique: Treatment of Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Ultrasound-Accelerated Thrombolysis Rheolytic Thrombectomy Aspiration Thrombectomy Angiovac System Indigo System Clottriever System FlowTriever Aspiration System Venous Stents Endovascular Strategy: Pulmonary Embolism VENOUS Access SITE THROMBECTOMY OR THROMBOLYSIS Type of Anesthesia Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Endovascular Technique: Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis Ultrasound-Accelerated Thrombolysis BASHIR CATHETER THROMBOLYSIS Aspiration Thrombectomy Indigo System FlowTriever Aspiration System Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Reconstruction for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Avoiding Intraoperative Bleeding Avoiding Pulmonary Embolism Selection of A Vascular Conduit Selection of Venous Inflow and Outflow Sites Choice of Unilateral or Bilateral Venous Reconstruction Operative Technique Choice of Anesthesia Position and Incision Dissection of The Innominate Veins and The Superior Vena Cava Preparation of A Spiral Vein Graft Performing the Anastomoses Closure of The Median Sternotomy Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Therapy for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Recanalization Angioplasty or stenting Stent selection Covered stents Parallel stents Ensuring adequate inflow Endovascular Technique Patient Preparation Access Angiographic Imaging Sheath Placement for Planned Intervention Angioplasty and Stent Placement Completion Studies Access Kit Sheaths Specialty Sheaths Guidewires Specialty Guidewires Multilooped Snare Mechanical Thrombectomy and Thrombolysis CTO Crossing Equipment Balloon Catheters Stents Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Surgical Reconstruction of the Perihepatic and Inferior Vena Cava Historical Background Indications Benign Ileofemoral Venous Occlusion Malignant Iliocaval Venous Occlusion Primary Secondary Secondary Tumors With Caval Thrombus Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Femoral-Femoral Venous Bypass Reconstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava Operative Strategy Anatomy Choice of Incision Additional Considerations Patch Closure or an Interposition Bypass Graft Tumor Thrombus Within the Heart Operative Technique Reconstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava Proximal and Distal Control Reconstruction of the Vena Cava With an Interposition Graft Reconstruction of the Pararenal Vena Cava Replacement of the Retrohepatic Vena Cava Systemic Heparinization Resection of Pelvic and Sacral Tumors Iliocaval Venous Bypass for Benign Disease Femoral-Femoral Venous Bypass Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Varicose Vein Stripping and Ambulatory Phlebectomy Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy General Considerations Ensuring Completeness of Varicose Vein Removal Preventing Recurrence Avoiding Nerve Injury Avoiding Arterial or Venous Injury Hematoma, Ecchymosis, and Pain Operative Technique Anesthesia Great Saphenous Vein Ligation and Stripping Small Saphenous Vein Ligation Acknowledgments Stab or Ambulatory Phlebectomy Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovenous Ablation of Saphenous Veins Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Great Saphenous Veins Small Saphenous Veins Superficial Tributaries Perforator Veins Pelvic Veins Smaller Veins Endovascular Technique Room Setup and Supplies Patient Position Venous Access Endovascular Technique for Thermal Saphenous Vein Ablation Endovenous Laser Ablation ENDOVENOUS RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION Endovascular Technique for Nonthermal Saphenous Vein Ablation Endovenous Mechanochemical Ablation Catheter Placement Vein Treatment ENDOVENOUS ADHESIVE ABLATION Catheter Placement Vein Treatment Endovascular Technique for Thermal Perforator Vein Ablation Endovenous Laser Ablation ENDOVENOUS Radiofrequency Ablation Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Treatment of Lower Extremity Deep and Perforator Vein Incompetence Treatment of Incompetent Deep Venous Valves Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Proximal Venous Obstruction Selection of A Valve Site For Repair Avoiding Early Deep Vein Thrombosis Anticoagulation Avoiding An Incompetent Venous Valve Repair Operative Technique Internal Valvuloplasty External Valvuloplasty Angioscope-Assisted Valvuloplasty Transcommissural Valvuloplasty External Banding Valvuloplasty Autologous Neovalve Construction Vein Segment Transposition Vein Valve Transplantation Artificial Valve Implantation Closure Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Treatment of Incompetent Venous Perforators Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Surgery Percutaneous Perforator Ablation Operative Technique Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Surgery Choice of Anesthesia Incision Port Insertion Exploration of the Subfascial Space Paratibial Fasciotomy Distal Ankle Perforators Closure Concomitant Procedures Percutaneous Endovenous Perforator Vein Ablation Perforator Mapping and Access Ablation Catheter Insertion and Ablation Procedure Postoperative Care Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Surgery Percutaneous Perforator Vein Ablation Postoperative Complications Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Surgery Percutaneous Perforator Vein Ablation Treatment of Iliac Vein Stenosis INDICATIONS Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Interventional Setting Anatomy Positioning and Access Sites Procedural Phases Endovascular Technique Access DIAGNOSTIC VENOGRAPHY Crossing the Venous Lesion Conventional Crossing Technique Sharp Recanalization Technique Imaging and Balloon Predilation Stent Deployment Stent Dilation COMPLETION IMAGING Venous Closure Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Sclerotherapy Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy Laser Light Therapy, Ohmic Thermolysis, and Sclerotherapy Vein Illumination Technology Selection of Suitable Technique for Varicose Veins, Telangiectasia, Spider Veins, and Reticular Veins Sequence of Treatment of Superficial Veins Selection of a Sclerosant Solution Endovascular Technique: Sclerotherapy Positioning Liquid Sclerotherapy Foaming the Sclerosant Solution Injection of the Target Vein Acknowledgments Endovascular Technique: Laser Light Therapy and Ohmic Thermolysis Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Section XII. Arteriovenous Access for Hemodialysis Approach to Patients Presenting for Hemodialysis Access Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Operative Strategy Placement of a Tunneled Dialysis Catheter Creation of an Arteriovenous Fistula or Graft Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistula Forearm Basilic Arteriovenous Fistula Upper Arm Brachiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistula Upper Arm Brachiobasilic Arteriovenous Fistula Brachiobrachial Arteriovenous Fistula Choice of an Arteriovenous Graft Brachial-Axillary Arteriovenous Graft Brachial-Antecubital Forearm Loop Arteriovenous Graft Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow Arteriovenous Access in the Lower Extremity Chest Wall Arteriovenous Graft Upper Extremity Autogenous Arteriovenous Access: Arteriovenous Fistulas Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Selection of A Fistula Site Creation of An Arteriovenous Fistula At The Wrist Creation of An Arteriovenous Fistula at The Antecubital Fossa Operative Field Operative Technique Snuffbox, Brescia-Cimino, and RADAR Arteriovenous Fistulas Incision Operative Exposure of The Radial Artery and Cephalic Vein Proximal and Distal Control Anastomotic Technique Closure Brachiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistulas Incision Operative Exposure of The Cephalic Vein Operative Exposure of The Brachial Artery Anastomotic Technique Closure Brachial-Basilic Arteriovenous Fistula Exposure of The Basilic Vein and Brachial Artery Transposition of The Basilic Vein and Creation of The Arteriovenous Anastomosis Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Endovascular Technique Endovascular Arteriovenous Fistula Ellipsys Endoavf System Endoavf Procedure Using The Ellipsys System Wavelinq Endoavf System Endoavf Procedure Using The Wavelinq System Acknowledgments Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Upper Extremity Prosthetic Arteriovenous Access Grafts Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation History Physical Examination Ultrasound Imaging Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Operative Anatomy Operative Technique for a Forearm Loop Arteriovenous Graft Incision Exposure Tunneling Anastomotic technique Closure Operative Technique for a Brachial Artery–Axillary Vein Interposition Arteriovenous Graft Incision Exposure Tunneling Anastomotic technique Closure Alternative approach Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Endovascular Strategy Endovascular Technique Insertion of A Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter Exchange of A Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter with A New Exit Site Exchange of A Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter Without A New Exit Site “Stuck Catheters” Special Situations Postoperative Care Approach to Patients With Complex Hemodialysis Access Needs Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Axillary Vein Occlusion Central Vein Stenosis or Occlusion Arterial Inflow Stenosis or Occlusion Prior Access-Related Hand Ischemia Obesity Advanced Age Increased Risk for Infection Increased Risk for Thrombosis Operative Technique BRACHIAL-BRACHIAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA BRACHIAL-AXILLARY ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA WITH TRANSLOCATED FEMOROPOPLITEAL VEIN CHEST WALL AXILLARY-AXILLARY ARTERIOVENOUS GRAFT HERO GRAFT LOWER EXTREMITY COMMON FEMORAL ARTERY-COMMON FEMORAL VEIN ARTERIOVENOUS GRAFT LOWER EXTREMITY SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL ARTERY-FEMOROPOPLITEAL VEIN ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA TUNNELED DIALYSIS CATHETERS Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Management of Access-Related Hand Ischemia Historical Background Indications Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Operative Technique Revision Using Distal Inflow Procedure Proximalization of The Arterial Inflow Procedure Distal Revascularization Interval Ligation Procedure Patient Preparation Exposure of the Brachial Artery Exposure of the Distal Artery Preparation of the Bypass Conduit and Tunnel Arteriotomy and Bypass Ligation of the Artery Closure Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Management of the Failing and Thrombosed Hemodialysis Access Historical Background Indications Vascular Access Stenosis Vascular Access Thrombosis Vascular Access Aneurysm or Pseudoaneurysm Vascular Access Infection Central Vein Stenosis Surgical Intervention for Failing Vascular Access Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Operative Strategy Anesthesia Considerations Operative, Endovascular, or Hybrid Approach Identifying the Site of Stenosis Graft Revision or Replacement Avoiding Clot Embolization Surgical Revision of an Arteriovenous Access Graft Incision Proximal and Distal Control Thrombectomy Surgical Revision HYBRID APPROACH Surgical Revision of an Arteriovenous Fistula Incision and Exposure Thrombectomy Surgical Revision Surgical Repair of an Aneurysm or Pseudoaneurysm Incision and Exposure Surgical Revision Surgical Repair of an Infected Fistula or Graft Incision and Exposure Graft or Conduit Excision Closure Endovascular Intervention for Failing Vascular Access Preoperative Preparation Pitfalls and Danger Points Endovascular Strategy ANGIOPLASTY OR STENTING SELECTION OF AN ACCESS SITE IDENTIFYING THE STENOSIS AVOIDING EMBOLOZATION Avoiding Perforation Endovascular Technique (Box 74.1) TREATMENT OF AN ACCESS GRAFT STENOSIS Access and Angiography Angioplasty Endograft Placement Balloon Angioplasty Stent Graft Placement Thrombectomy TREATMENT OF AN ACCESS GRAFT THROMBOSIS Access and Sheath Placement Pharmacomechanical Thrombectomy or Thrombolysis Completion Study TREATMENT OF AN ACCESS GRAFT PSEUDOANEURYSM Access Angiogram and Sheath Placement Endograft Placement TREATMENT OF AN ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA STENOSIS Access and Sheath Placement Intervention TREATMENT OF AN ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA THROMBOSIS Access and Sheath Placement Angiography and Intervention TREATMENT OF A CENTRAL VEIN STENOSIS OR OCCLUSION Access and Angiography Sheath Placement Angioplasty and Stent Placement Postoperative Care Postoperative Complications Recurrent Thrombosis Embolization Infection Index
Author	Editor: Elliot L. Chaikof