Essential Computational Fluid Dynamics, Second Edi tion

פרטים

Provides a clear, concise, and self-contained introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) This comprehensively updated new edition covers the fundamental concepts and main methods of modern Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). With expert guidance and a wealth of useful techniques, the book offers a clear, concise, and accessible account of the essentials needed to perform and interpret a CFD analysis. The new edition adds a plethora of new information on such topics as the techniques of interpolation, finite volume discretization on unstructured grids, projection methods, and RANS turbulence modeling. The book has been thoroughly edited to improve clarity and to reflect the recent changes in the practice of CFD. It also features a large number of new end-of-chapter problems. All the attractive features that have contributed to the success of the first edition are retained by this version. The book remains an indispensable guide, which: Introduces CFD to students and working professionals in the areas of practical applications, such as mechanical, civil, chemical, biomedical, or environmental engineering Focuses on the needs of someone who wants to apply existing CFD software and understand how it works, rather than develop new codes Covers all the essential topics, from the basics of discretization to turbulence modeling and uncertainty analysis Discusses complex issues using simple worked examples and reinforces learning with problems Is accompanied by a website hosting lecture presentations and a solution manual Essential Computational Fluid Dynamics, Second Edition is an ideal textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking their first course on CFD. It is also a useful reference for engineers and scientists working with CFD applications.

מידע נוסף

מידע נוסף
מהדורה	Second Edition
עמודים	384
פורמט	Hardback
ISBN10	1119474620
יצא לאור ב	Hoboken
תאריך יציאה לאור	7 בנוב׳ 2019
תוכן עניינים	Preface x 1 What is CFD? 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Brief History of CFD 4 1.3 Outline of the Book 5 References and suggested reading 7 I Fundamentals 9 2 Governing Equations 11 2.1 Preliminary Concepts 11 2.2 Conservation Laws 14 2.2.1 Conservation of Mass 15 2.2.2 Conservation of Chemical Species 15 2.2.3 Conservation of Momentum 16 2.2.4 Conservation of Energy 20 2.3 Equation of State 21 2.4 Equations in Integral Form 21 2.5 Conservation Form 24 2.6 Vector Form 26 2.7 Boundary Conditions 26 2.7.1 Rigid Wall Boundary Conditions 28 2.7.2 Inlet and Exit Boundary Conditions 29 2.7.3 Other Boundary Conditions 30 2.8 Dimensionality and Time-dependence 31 2.8.1 Two- and One-dimensional Problems 31 2.8.2 Equilibrium and Marching Problems 32 References and Suggested Reading 33 Problems 34 3 Partial Differential Equations 37 3.1 Formulation of a PDE problem 38 3.1.1 Model Equations 38 3.1.2 Domain, Boundary and Initial Conditions, Well-posed PDE Problem 40 3.1.3 Examples 42 3.2 Mathematical Classification 45 3.2.1 Classification 45 3.2.2 Hyperbolic Equations 48 3.2.3 Parabolic Equations 50 3.2.4 Elliptic Equations 52 3.2.5 Classification of Full Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Equations 52 3.3 Numerical Discretization: Different Kinds of CFD 53 3.3.1 Spectral Methods 54 3.3.2 Finite Element Methods 56 3.3.3 Finite Difference and Finite Volume Methods 56 References and suggested reading 59 Problems 60 4 Finite Difference Method 63 4.1 Computational Grid 63 4.1.1 Time Discretization 63 4.1.2 Space Discretization 64 4.2 Finite Difference Approximation 65 4.2.1 Approximation of u= x 65 4.2.2 Truncation Error, Consistency, Order of Approximation 66 4.2.3 Other Formulas for u= x Evaluation of the Order of Approximation 69 4.2.4 Schemes of Higher Order for First Derivative 71 4.2.5 Higher-Order Derivatives 72 4.2.6 Mixed Derivatives 73 4.2.7 Finite Difference Approximation on Non-uniform Grids 75 4.3 Development of Finite Difference Schemes 77 4.3.1 Taylor Series Expansions 77 4.3.2 Polynomial Fitting 80 4.3.3 Development on Non-uniform Grids 80 4.4 Approximation of Partial Differential Equations 82 4.4.1 Approach and Examples 82 4.4.2 Boundary and Initial Conditions 85 4.4.3 Difference Molecule, Difference equation 87 4.4.4 System of Difference Equations 88 4.4.5 Implicit and Explicit Methods 89 4.4.6 Consistency of Numerical Approximation 91 4.4.7 Interpretation of Truncation error Numerical Dissipation and Dispersion 92 4.4.8 Methods of Interpolation for Finite Difference Schemes 95 References and suggested reading 97 Problems 98 5 Finite Volume Schemes 103 5.1 Introduction and General Formulation 103 5.1.1 Introduction 103 5.1.2 Finite Volume Grid 105 5.1.3 Consistency, Local and Global Conservation Property 107 5.2 Approximation of Integrals 109 5.2.1 Volume Integrals 109 5.2.2 Surface Integrals 110 5.3 Methods of Interpolation 112 5.3.1 Upwind Interpolation 112 5.3.2 Linear Interpolation of Convective Fluxes 115 5.3.3 Central Difference (Linear Interpolation) Scheme for Diffusive Fluxes 116 5.3.4 Interpolation of Diffusion Coefficients 117 5.3.5 Upwind Interpolation of Higher Order 118 5.4 Finite Volume Method on Unstructured Grids 119 5.5 Implementation of Boundary Conditions 123 References and suggested reading 124 Problems 124 6 Numerical Stability for Marching Problems 127 6.1 Introduction and Definition of Stability 127 6.1.1 Example 127 6.1.2 Discretization and Round-off Error 129 6.1.3 Definition 130 6.2 Stability Analysis 132 6.2.1 Neumann Method 132 6.2.2 Matrix Method 139 6.3 Implicit versus Explicit Schemes 141 References and suggested reading 143 Problems 143 7 Application to Model Equations 145 7.1 Linear Convection Equation 145 7.1.1 Simple Explicit Schemes 146 7.1.2 Simple Implicit Scheme 150 7.1.3 Leapfrog Scheme 150 7.1.4 Lax-Wendro Scheme 152 7.1.5 MacCormack Scheme 152 7.2 One-dimensional Heat Equation 152 7.2.1 Simple Explicit Scheme 153 7.2.2 Simple Implicit Scheme 154 7.2.3 Crank-Nicolson Scheme 155 7.3 Burgers and Generic Transport Equations 156 7.4 Method of Lines 158 7.4.1 Adams Methods 159 7.4.2 Runge-Kutta Methods 159 7.5 Solution of Tridiagonal Systems by Thomas Algorithm 160 References and suggested reading 164 Problems 164 II Methods 167 8 Steady-state Problems 169 8.1 Problems Reducible to Matrix Equations 169 8.1.1 Elliptic PDE 169 8.1.2 Marching Problems Solved by Implicit Schemes 174 8.1.3 Structure of Matrices 175 8.2 Direct Methods 176 8.2.1 Cyclic Reduction Algorithm 177 8.2.2 Thomas Algorithm for Block-tridiagonal Matrices 180 8.2.3 LU Decomposition 181 8.3 Iterative Methods 182 8.3.1 General Methodology 183 8.3.2 Jacobi Iterations 184 8.3.3 Gauss-Seidel Algorithm 184 8.3.4 Successive Over- and Underrelaxation 186 8.3.5 Convergence of Iterative Procedures 187 8.3.6 Multigrid Methods 189 8.3.7 Pseudo-transient Approach 192 8.4 Systems of Nonlinear Equations 193 8.4.1 Newton's Algorithm 194 8.4.2 Iteration Methods Using Linearization 195 8.4.3 Sequential Solution 196 8.5 Computational Performance 197 References and suggested reading 199 Problems 199 9 Unsteady Flows and Heat Transfer 203 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Compressible Flows 204 9.2.1 Equations, Mathematical Classification, and General Comments 204 9.2.2 MacCormack Scheme 208 9.2.3 Beam-Warming Scheme 210 9.2.4 Upwinding 213 9.2.5 Methods for Purely Hyperbolic Systems; TVD Schemes 216 9.3 Unsteady Conduction Heat Transfer 218 9.3.1 Overview 218 9.3.2 Simple Methods for Multidimensional Heat Conduction 219 9.3.3 Approximate Factorization 220 9.3.4 ADI Method 221 References and suggested reading 223 Problems 224 10 Incompressible Flows 227 10.1 General Considerations 227 10.1.1 Introduction 227 10.1.2 Role of Pressure 228 10.2 Discretization Approach 230 10.2.1 Conditions for Conservation of Mass by Numerical Solution 230 10.2.2 Colocated and Staggered Grids 231 10.3 Projection Method for Unsteady Flows 237 10.3.1 Explicit Schemes 238 10.3.2 Implicit Schemes 241 10.4 Projection Methods for Steady-State Flows 244 10.4.1 SIMPLE 246 10.4.2 SIMPLEC and SIMPLER 248 10.4.3 PISO 250 10.5 Other Methods 251 10.5.1 Vorticity-Stream function Formulation for Two-dimensional Flows 251 10.5.2 Artificial Compressibility 255 References and suggested reading 255 Problems 256 III Art of CFD 259 11 Turbulence 261 11.1 Introduction 261 11.1.1 A Few Words About Turbulence 261 11.1.2 Why is the Computation of Turbulent Flows Difficult? 265 11.1.3 Overview of Numerical Approaches 267 11.2 DNS 269 11.2.1 Homogeneous Turbulence 269 11.2.2 Inhomogeneous Turbulence 272 11.3 RANS 273 11.3.1 Mean Flow and Fluctuations 274 11.3.2 Reynolds-Averaged Equations 275 11.3.3 Reynolds Stresses and Turbulent Kinetic Energy 276 11.3.4 Eddy Viscosity Hypothesis 277 11.3.5 Closure Models 279 11.3.6 Algebraic Models 280 11.3.7 One-equation Models 281 11.3.8 Two-equation Models 283 11.3.9 RANS and URANS 285 11.3.10Models of Turbulent Scalar Transport 286 11.3.11 Numerical Implementation of RANS Models 287 11.4 LES 291 11.4.1 Filtered Equations 291 11.4.2 Closure Models 295 11.4.3 Implementation of LES in CFD Analysis: Numerical Resolution and Near-Wall Treatment 297 References and suggested reading 301 Problems 303 12 Computational Grids 307 12.1 Need for Irregular and Unstructured Grids 307 12.2 Irregular Structured Grids 311 12.2.1 Generation by Coordinate Transformation 311 12.2.2 Examples 313 12.2.3 Grid Quality 315 12.3 Unstructured Grids 316 12.3.1 Grid Generation 319 12.3.2 Cell Topology 320 12.3.3 Grid Quality 320 12.4 Adaptive Grids 324 References and suggested reading 326 Problems 326 13 Conducting CFD Analysis 329 13.1 Setting and Solving a CFD Problem 329 13.2 Errors and Uncertainty 332 13.2.1 Errors in CFD Analysis 333 13.2.2 Verification and Validation 339 References and suggested reading 343 Problems 344
זמן אספקה	21 ימי עסקים