Gravel-Bed Rivers - Processes and Disasters

פרטים

With contributions from key researchers across the globe, and edited by internationally recognized leading academics, Gravel-bed Rivers: Processes and Disasters presents the definitive review of current knowledge of gravel-bed rivers. Continuing an established and successful series of scholarly reports, this book consists of the papers presented at the 8th International Gravel-bed Rivers Workshop. Focusing on all the recent progress that has been made in the field, subjects covered include flow, physical modeling, sediment transport theory, techniques and instrumentation, morphodynamics and ecological topics, with special attention given to aspects of disasters relevant to sediment supply and integrated river management. This up-to-date compendium is essential reading for geomorphologists, river engineers and ecologists, river managers, fluvial sedimentologists and advanced students in these fields.

מידע נוסף

מידע נוסף
עמודים	832
פורמט	Hardback
ISBN10	111897140X
יצא לאור ב	New York
תאריך יציאה לאור	26 במאי 2017
תוכן עניינים	List of Contributors xix Preface xxv 1 Computational Models of Flow, Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics in Rivers 1 Cristian Escauriaza, Chris Paola, and Vaughan R. Voller 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Numerical Simulations in Rivers 2 1.3 Choosing the Right Modeling Approach 13 1.4 Next Steps in Modeling 20 1.5 Concluding Questions 23 Acknowledgments 24 References 24 Discussion 29 2 Boulder Effects on Turbulence and Bedload Transport 33 A.N. (Thanos) Papanicolaou and Achilleas G. Tsakiris 2.1 Boulders in the Riverine Continuum 33 2.2 Scope and Objectives of the Study 36 2.3 Dataset Selection and Methodology 39 2.4 Mean Flow Field Around a Single, Wall-Mounted Boulder 47 2.5 Mean Vortex Structure Around a Wall-Mounted Boulder 51 2.6 Collective Effects of the Boulder Array 53 2.7 Sediment Transport Within a Boulder Array 56 2.8 Morphology of Depositional Patches Around Boulders 60 2.9 Concluding Remarks 61 Notation and Abbreviations 63 Acknowledgments 65 References 65 Discussion 71 3 Granular Flows Applied to Gravel-Bed Rivers: Particle-Scale Studies of the Mobilization of a Gravel Bed by the Addition of Fines 73 Kimberly M. Hill and Danielle Tan 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Insights from Rheological Models of Dry Dense Granular Flows 76 3.3 Discrete Element Model Simulations of Bimodal Mixtures in Bedload Transport 81 3.4 Conclusions 88 Notation and Abbreviations 89 Acknowledgments 92 References 92 Discussion 94 4 Particle Motions and Bedload Theory: The Entrainment Forms of the Flux and the Exner Equation 97 David Jon Furbish, Siobhan L. Fathel, and Mark W. Schmeeckle 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Sediment Ensembles and Rarefied Conditions 99 4.3 Entrainment Forms of the Flux and the Exner Equation 101 4.4 Distributions of Hop Distances and Travel Times 106 4.5 The Meaning of Continuous Functions Applied to Conditions of Rarefied Transport 111 4.6 Conclusions 113 Notation 114 Acknowledgments 115 References 115 Discussion 118 5 Revisiting the Morphological Approach: Opportunities and Challenges with Repeat High-Resolution Topography 121 Damia Vericat, Joseph M. Wheaton, and James Brasington 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 The Morphological Approach: a Primer 122 5.3 Applying a Morphological Approach with HRT 128 5.4 Discussion 145 5.5 Conclusions 149 Acknowledgements 150 References 150 Discussion 155 6 Geomorphic Controls on Tracer Particle Dispersion in Gravel-Bed Rivers 159 Marwan A. Hassan and D. Nathan Bradley 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Bedload Estimates Using Tracers 160 6.3 Scales of Particle Motion 162 6.4 Types of Tracer Experiments and a Review of Results 162 6.5 Practical Relations for Travel Distance 165 6.6 Virtual Velocity 167 6.7 Burial Depth and Vertical Mixing 169 6.8 Depth of the Active Layer 171 6.9 Morphology 172 6.10 Bed Texture 176 6.11 Closing Remarks 177 Acknowledgments 178 References 179 Discussion 184 7 Bedload Transport Measurements with Geophones, Hydrophones, and Underwater Microphones (Passive Acoustic Methods) 185 Dieter Rickenmann 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Particle Impact Systems 187 7.3 Underwater Microphones 195 7.4 Important Findings Related to System Calibration 196 7.5 Some Operational Aspects to be Considered For Different Systems 200 7.6 Conclusions 200 Acknowledgement 201 References 201 Discussions 205 8 Calibration of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Apparent Bedload Velocity to Bedload Transport Rate 209 Colin D. Rennie, Damia Vericat, Richard D. Williams, James Brasington, and Murray Hicks 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 aDcp Apparent Bedload Velocity 210 8.3 Previous Calibration Efforts 215 8.4 Rees River Survey: New Fractional Calibration Data 220 8.5 Discussion 223 8.6 Conclusions 226 Notation 226 Acknowledgements 227 References 228 Discussion 231 9 Modeling Surface Subsurface Exchange of Heat and Nutrients 235 Daniele Tonina, Alessandra Marzadri, and Alberto Bellin 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Hyporheic Hydraulics 238 9.3 Hyporheic Residence Time 241 9.4 Damkohler Numbers 244 9.5 Role of Stream Morphology on Nitrous Oxide Emissions 247 9.6 Conclusions and Research Needs 249 Notation 250 Acknowledgments 251 Appendix 252 References 253 Discussion 259 10 Ecological Effects of Flow Intermittence in Gravel-Bed Rivers 261 Thibault Datry 10.1 Introduction 261 10.2 Flow Intermittence in GBRs from a Hydrological Perspective 261 10.3 Flow Intermittence in GBRs: an Ecohydrological Perspective 270 10.4 Intermittent GBRs as Coupled Aquatic Terrestrial Disturbed Ecosystems 284 10.5 Flow Intermittence in GBRs: Research Needs and Open Questions 286 11 Catastrophic Deposition of Gravel from Outbreak Floods 299 Paul A. Carling 11.1 Introduction 299 11.2 Depositional Context 300 11.3 A Framework for Description of Megaflood Sedimentary Successions 301 11.4 Typical Sequences Within a Succession 302 11.5 Discussion 315 11.6 Conclusions 318 Acknowledgements 318 References 319 Discussion 325 12 Linkage Between Sediment Transport and Supply in Mountain Rivers 329 Mikael Attal 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Sediment Supply to Mountain Rivers and its Influence on the Characteristics of the Sediment Available for Fluvial Transport 330 12.3 Influence of Varying Sediment Availability on Sediment Transport and Export During Floods 336 12.4 Concluding Remarks 345 Acknowledgement 345 References 345 Discussion 351 13 Geomorphic Responses to Dam Removal in the United States a Two-Decade Perspective 355 Jon J. Major, Amy E. East, Jim E. O Connor, Gordon E. Grant, Andrew C. Wilcox, Christopher S. Magirl, Mathias J. Collins, and Desiree D. Tullos 13.1 Introduction 355 13.2 Reservoir and Downstream Channel Responses to Dam Removal 357 13.3 Factors Influencing Responses to Dam Removals 366 13.4 Time Scales of Channel Responses to Dam Removals 373 13.5 Common Findings from Analyses of Responses to Dam Removals 375 Acknowledgments 377 References 377 Discussion 381 14 Reservoir Sediment Flushing and Replenishment Below Dams: Insights from Japanese Case Studies 385 Tetsuya Sumi, Sameh Kantoush, Taymaz Esmaeili, and Giyoung Ock 14.1 Introduction 385 14.2 Present State of Reservoir Sedimentation in Japan 386 14.3 Selecting Suitable Sediment Management Options 388 14.4 Sediment Flushing 390 14.5 Sediment Replenishment 405 14.6 Conclusions 410 Acknowledgment 410 References 411 15 Bedload Transport in Laboratory Rivers: The Erosion Deposition Model 415 Eric Lajeunesse, Olivier Devauchelle, Florent Lachaussee, and Philippe Claudin 15.1 Introduction 415 15.2 The Erosion Deposition Model 417 15.3 Deposition Length and Bedforms 425 15.4 Spreading of a Plume of Tracers 427 15.5 Conclusions 430 Notation 430 Acknowledgements 431 References 431 Discussion 435 16 Bedforms, Structures, Patches, and Sediment Supply in Gravel-Bed Rivers 439 Jeremy G. Venditti, Peter A. Nelson, Ryan W. Bradley, Dan Haught, and Alessandro B. Gitto 16.1 Introduction 439 16.2 Bedload Transport, Sediment Supply, and Bed Mobility 439 16.3 Bed Features in Gravel-Bed Rivers 446 16.4 A Phase Diagram for Bed Features in a Gravel-Bedded River 456 16.5 Perspective and Conclusions 458 Acknowledgments 460 References 460 Discussion 464 17 Linking Debris Flows and Landslides to Large Floods in Gravel-Bed Rivers 467 Lorenzo Marchi 17.1 Introduction 467 17.2 Interactions Between Mass Wasting and Floods in Gravel-Bed Rivers 468 17.3 Approaches to Prediction 477 17.4 Discussion 485 17.5 Conclusions 487 Acknowledgements 487 References 487 Discussion 493 18 Gravel Riverbed Processes Resulting from Large-Scale Landslides 497 Chjeng-Lun Shieh and Yu-Shiu Chen 18.1 Introduction 497 18.2 Case Study: Shoufeng River 498 18.3 Case Study: Taimaili River 508 18.4 Conclusion 512 Acknowledgements 513 References 513 Discussion 513 19 Gravel-Bed River Management Focusing on Finer Sediment Behaviour 517 Koichi Fujita 19.1 Introduction 517 19.2 Background Information 518 19.3 Vital Points to Advance Channel Management Strategy 522 19.4 Role of Finer Sediment in the Expansion of Dense Vegetation Areas in Segment-1G Reaches 526 19.5 Floodplain Accretion by Finer Sediment Deposition and Resulting Channel Narrowing in Segment-2G Reaches 532 19.6 Engineering Framework for Gravel-Bed River Management 540 Notation 541 Acknowledgements 542 References 543 Discussion 544 20 Lahar Flow Disaster, Human Activities, and Risk Mitigation on Volcanic Rivers: Case Study of Rivers on Mount Merapi Slopes, Indonesia 549 Djoko Legono and Adam Pamudji Rahardjo 20.1 Introduction 549 20.2 Riverbed Characteristics 552 20.3 Human Activities 554 20.4 Sediment Management and Risk Mitigation 559 20.5 Conclusions 564 Acknowledgements 564 References 565 21 A Method for Estimating the Porosity of Sediment Mixtures and Application to a Bed-Porosity Variation Model 567 Masaharu Fujita, Muhammad Sulaiman, and Daizo Tsutsumi 21.1 Introduction 567 21.2 Identification of Grain-Size Distribution 569 21.3 Relationship Between the Geometric Parameters of Grain-Size Distributions and Porosity 576 21.4 An Algorithm for Estimating the Porosity 581 21.5 Application to Bed-Porosity Variation Model 583 21.6 Conclusions 586 Acknowledgements 586 References 586 Discussion 588 22 Gravel Sorting and Variation of Riverbeds Containing Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay 591 Masato Sekine and Yuki Hiramatsu 22.1 Introduction 591 22.2 Summary of Experiments 592 22.3 Vertical Sorting and Variation of the Riverbed with Extremely Wide Range of Sediment Sizes 597 22.4 Variation of a Clay Bed Caused by Sand or Gravel Transport Over It 601 22.5 Conclusions 606 Notation 607 Acknowledgement 608 References 608 23 Modeling Stratigraphy-Based Gravel-Bed River Morphodynamics 609 Enrica Viparelli, Astrid Blom, and Ricardo R. Hernandez Moreira 23.1 Introduction 609 23.2 Model Formulation 612 23.3 Application to a Case Inspired by the Trinity River, California, United States 621 23.4 Conclusions 630 Notation 631 Acknowledgments 633 References 633 Discussion 636 24 Sediment Processes in Bedrock Alluvial Rivers: Research Since 2010 and Modelling the Impact of Fluctuating Sediment Supply on Sediment Cover 639 Rebecca A. Hodge 24.1 Introduction 639 24.2 Differences Between Sediment Processes in Alluvial and Bedrock Alluvial Channels 639 24.3 Review of Sediment Processes in Bedrock alluvial Rivers Since 2010 640 24.4 Literature Review Findings and Cross-Cutting Themes 646 24.5 Outstanding Research Questions 647 24.6 Implications for Modelling Sediment Processes in Bedrock Alluvial Rivers 650 24.7 An Application of a Numerical Model of Sediment Processes 651 24.8 Conclusions 663 Acknowledgements 664 References 664 Discussion 668 25 Modelling Braided Channels Under Unsteady Flow and the Effect of Spatiotemporal Change of Vegetation on Bed and Channel Geometry 671 Hiroshi Takebayashi 25.1 Introduction 671 25.2 Numerical Analysis Method 674 25.3 Flume Experiments: Method and Hydraulic Conditions 685 25.4 Results and Discussion 685 25.5 Conclusions 694 Notation 696 Acknowledgements 698 References 699 Discussion 701 26 Modelling of Mixed-Sediment Morphodynamics in Gravel-Bed Rivers Using the Active-Layer Approach: Insights from Mathematical and Numerical Analysis 703 Annunziato Siviglia, Guglielmo Stecca, and Astrid Blom 26.1 Introduction 703 26.2 The Saint-Venant Hirano Model 705 26.3 Mathematical Analysis 708 26.4 Assessment of Numerical Solutions 717 26.5 Conclusions and Research Perspectives 722 Acknowledgements 725 References 726 Discussion 728 27 Physical and Numerical Modelling of Large Wood and Vegetation in Rivers 729 Walter Bertoldi and Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva 27.1 Introduction 729 27.2 Physical Modelling of Vegetation 730 27.3 Numerical Modelling of Riparian Vegetation 735 27.4 Physical Modelling of Large Wood 739 27.5 Numerical Modelling of Instream Large Wood Transport 742 27.6 Future Challenges 747 Acknowledgements 748 References 748 28 Fluvial Gravels on Mars: Analysis and Implications 755 William E. Dietrich, Marisa C. Palucis, Rebecca M. E. Williams, Kevin W. Lewis, Frances Rivera-Hernandez, and Dawn Y. Sumner 28.1 Introduction 755 28.2 First Observations of Fluvial Conglomerates on Mars 756 28.3 Some Fluvial Conglomerates on the Way to Mount Sharp 758 28.4 Estimates of Stream Velocity, Channel Discharge, and Gravel Mobility on Mars 759 28.5 Runoff Volume and Implications for Climate 773 28.6 Conclusions 775 Acknowledgments 776 References 776 Discussion 779 Index 785
זמן אספקה	21 ימי עסקים